Research library
Reference pages covering mechanism, the published literature, and laboratory handling for compounds in our catalog. Each includes an explicit assessment of evidence quality — including where the evidence is weak, single-sourced, or contested.
BPC-157: Mechanism, Literature, and Handling
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide corresponding to residues 1-15 of body protection compound, a protein isolated from human gastric juice. It is among the most widely discussed and least rigorously replicated peptides in the repair literature — a combination that makes an honest reference page unusually valuable.
4 sections · updated 2026-07-19
Semaglutide: Structure, Incretin Pharmacology, and Handling
Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist whose design is a clean case study in solving the two problems that limit native incretin peptides: enzymatic degradation and renal clearance. Understanding what was changed and why explains most of its pharmacology.
4 sections · updated 2026-07-19
Tirzepatide: Dual Incretin Agonism and Structural Basis
Tirzepatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide that engages both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors from a single molecule. Its most frequently misunderstood property is that it is not a balanced dual agonist.
4 sections · updated 2026-07-19
Retatrutide: Triple Receptor Agonism and Glucagon Pathway Research
Retatrutide adds glucagon receptor agonism to the incretin pairing found in tirzepatide. That third receptor is the entire scientific interest of the molecule, and it is also the reason it remains investigational.
3 sections · updated 2026-07-19
TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: Actin Sequestration and Fragment Confusion
TB-500 is sold under a name that does not correspond to a single defined molecule. Resolving that ambiguity is the most practically important thing a researcher can know about it.
3 sections · updated 2026-07-19
GHK-Cu: Copper Coordination, Matrix Remodeling, and Gene Expression
GHK-Cu is one of the few peptides in this catalog that occurs endogenously in human plasma and has a genuinely well-characterized coordination chemistry. Its declining plasma concentration with age is the observation that started the field.
3 sections · updated 2026-07-19